Authors/Buridan/Sophismata

• Chapter I: On the signification of terms and propositions
  • First sophism: Every spoken proposition is true
  • Second sophism: A horse is a donkey
  • Third sophism: God does not exist
  • Fourth sophism: The name 'chimera' signifies nothing
  • Fifth sophism: Complexly signifiables are chimeras
  • Sixth sophism: Nobody lies
• Chapter 2: On the causes of the truth and falsity of propositions
  • First sophism: Aristotle's horse does not exist
  • Second sophism: Aristotle's horse walked
  • Third sophism: A chimera is a chimera
  • Fourth sophism: A vacuum is a place not filled with body
  • Fifth sophism: A man is a donkey
  • Sixth sophism: I say [something] false
• Chapter 3: On supposition
  • First sophism: That God is unjust is to be denied by all the faithful
  • Second sophism: You are a donkey
  • Third sophism: A man is a species
  • Fourth sophism: A genus covers more than a most general genus
  • Fifth sophism: A name is trisyllabic
  • Sixth sophism: There always was some man
  • Seventh sophism: Some donkey every man sees
  • Eighth sophism: Every man is an animal
  • Ninth sophism: Every man an animal is not
• Chapter 4: On appellation
  • First sophism: Socrates and a white [thing] are the same
  • Second sophism: Today you ate raw [meat]
  • Third sophism: Something white will be black
  • Fourth sophism: An old man will be a boy
  • Fifth sophism: Socrates will be running tomorrow
  • Sixth sophism: I saw Peter and Robert
  • Seventh sophism: This dog is your father
  • Eighth sophism: Socrates' whiteness is his similarity to Plato
  • Ninth sophism: You know the one approaching
  • Tenth sophism: You know that the coins in my purse are even in number
  • Eleventh sophism: You believe that you are a donkey
  • Twelfth sophism: Socrates appears to be other than what he is
  • Thirteenth sophism: Whoever knows that every triangle has three angles equal to two right angles [every isosceles knows to have three angles equal to two right angles]
  • Fourteenth sophism: Socrates the astronomer knows some stars to be above our hemisphere
  • Fifteenth sophism: I owe you a horse
• Chapter 5: On ampliation and restriction
  • First sophism: Some horse does not exist
  • Second sophism: No man is dead
  • Third sophism: Antichrist is
  • Fourth sophism: Every old horse will die
  • Fifth sophism: Something corrupted is to be generated
  • Sixth sophism: Young Socrates was going to argue
  • Seventh sophism: A non-being is understood
  • Eighth sophism: Everything that will be is
  • Ninth sophism: Man and risible are convertible
  • Tenth sophism: Socrates will die today
• Chapter 6: On the fact that utterances signify by convention
  • First sophism: You will be a donkey
  • Second sophism: Ba will be baptized
  • Third sophism: The utterance 'A' is a proposition
  • Fourth sophism: It is within our power that a man should be a donkey
  • Fifth sophism: You are a donkey or you are not a man
  • Sixth sophism: This proposition can be true: 'A man is a non-man'
  • Seventh sophism: You do not know whether 'A man is a donkey' is true
• Chapter 7: On the measure according to which a proposition is true or false
  • First sophism: No spoken proposition is true
  • Second sophism: Nobody can contradict my proposition
  • Third sophism: The proposition 'Socrates is sitting' is true at a time throughout which Socrates is not sitting
  • Fourth sophism: This conjunction is true: 'Socrates is sitting and Socrates is not sitting'
  • Fifth sophism: This conjunction is true: 'Aristotle argues and Antichrist preaches'
  • Sixth sophism: At every time Socrates is running
  • Seventh sophism: The same spoken or written proposition is true and false for people of the same language and without a new imposition or obligation
  • Eighth sophism: Whatever moves moved earlier
  • Ninth sophism: No change is instantaneous
• Chapter 8: On self-referential propositions
  • First sophism: Every proposition is affirmative; therefore, no proposition is negative
  • Second sophism: No proposition is negative; therefore, some proposition is negative
  • Third sophism: Every man runs; therefore, a donkey runs
  • Fourth sophism: I say that a man is a donke
  • Fifth sophism: Whatever Socrates hears, that Plato utters
  • Sixth sophism: It is true to declare a man to be an animal
  • Seventh sophism: Every proposition is false
  • Eighth sophism: Plato says something false
  • Ninth sophism: Socrates says something true
  • Tenth sophism: There are as many true propositions as false ones
  • Eleventh sophism: I say something false
  • Twelfth sophism: God exists and some conjunction is false
  • Thirteenth sophism: Socrates knows the proposition written on the wall to be doubtful to him
  • Fourteenth sophism: Socrates sits or a disjunctive [proposition] written on the wall is doubtful to Plato
  • Fifteenth sophism: To someone is propounded a proposition doubtful to him
  • Sixteenth sophism: You will respond negatively
  • Seventeenth sophism: You will throw me in the water
  • Eighteenth sophism: Socrates wants to eat
  • Nineteenth sophism: Socrates curses Plato
  • Twentieth sophism: Socrates wishes Plato evil

Modern editions

• Scott, T. K., Johannes Buridanus: ‘Sophismata’. Critical Edition with an Introduction (Grammatica Speculativa, 1), Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt: Frommann-Holzboog, 1977.

Translations

• Klima, Gyula (tr.), 2001, John Buridan: ‘Summulae de Dialectica’, Yale Library of Medieval Philosophy, New Haven-London: Yale University Press.
• Scott, T. K. Sophisms on Meaning and Truth. New York: Appleton Century Crofts, 1966. (Translation of John Buridan’s Sophismata.)
• Hughes, G.E. John Buridan on Self-Reference, Chapter Eight of Buridan's Sophismata, translated with an introduction and commentary, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.