Talk:Praeiacens
praeiaceo: literally "to lie before, be situated in front of any thing"
English prejacent: "Borrowed from Middle French prejacent (“previously existing”) during the sixteenth century. Also attested in twelfth century British sources, from post-classical Latin praeiacens (“situated before”)". https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prejacent
Ockham on exceptive propositions (SL II.18) http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_II/Chapter_18 Circa quartum sciendum est quod multae regulae dantur de exceptivis. Una est quod si praeiacens exceptivae sit vera, exceptiva est falsa. Hoc patet per praedicta. Alia est quod numquam exceptiva est propria nisi cuius praeiacens est universalis. Unde haec est impropria 'homo praeter Sortem currit'; unde talis nec est vera nec est falsa. ‘Praeiacens exceptivae’ is translated as ‘non exceptive counterpart’ by Freddoso.
On exclusive propositions, SL II.17 http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Ockham/Summa_Logicae/Book_II/Chapter_17 Sicut ista 'tantum homo est animal' habet istas exponentes 'homo est animal' et 'nihil aliud ab homine est animal' Si autem sit negativa, denotatur quod praedicatum vere removetur a subiecto et quod inest omni illi a quo vere removetur subiectum; et ita habet duas exponentes, scilicet suam praeiacentem negativam et aliam affirmativam. Sicut ista 'tantum homo non est asinus' habet istas duas exponentes 'homo non est asinus' et 'omne aliud ab homine est asinus'. Freddoso : “For example, 'Only a man is an animal' has these exponents: 'A man is an animal' and 'Nothing other than a man is an animal'. On the other hand, if the proposition is negative, then it is asserted that the predicate is truly denied of the subject and that it inheres in everything of which the subject is truly denied. And so it has two exponents, namely, its corresponding non-exclusive negative proposition and an affirmative proposition. For example, 'Only a man is not a donkey' has these two exponents: 'A man is not a donkey' and 'Everything other than a man is a donkey'.”
Peter of Spain: http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Peter_of_Spain/Summulae_logicales/Summulaelogicales "Prima est quod propositio exclusiva sine negatione exponitur per copulativam affirmativam cuius prima pars est praeiacens exclusivae, et secunda pars est negativa importans negationem praedicati de omnibus aliis a subiecto; ut "Tantum homo est rationalis", id est, "Homo est rationalis et nihil aliud ab homine est rationale"; vel "Tantum duodecim sunt apostoli dei", id est, "Apostoli dei sunt duodecim et non plures quam duodecim sunt apostoli dei"." which Mulally translates as "The first rule is that an exclusive proposition without negation is expounded through an affirmative copulative proposition whose first part is that to which the exclusive sign was prefixed, and whose second part is a negative proposition denying the predicate of all others apart from the subject; thus “Only man is rational” is equivalent to “Man is rational and nothing other than man is rational”; or “Only twelve are the apostles of God” is equivalent to “The apostles of God are twelve and not more than twelve are apostles of God”."
Aquinas uses it in a sense which the Dominican edition renders as ‘original’. http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Thomas_Aquinas/Summa_Theologiae/Part_III/Q75 Quia non erit dare aliquem modum quo corpus Christi verum incipiat esse in hoc sacramento, nisi per conversionem substantiae panis in ipsum, quae quidem conversio tollitur, posita vel annihilatione panis, vel resolutione in praeiacentem materiam “because no way can be assigned whereby Christ's true body can begin to be in this sacrament, except by the change of the substance of bread into it, which change is excluded the moment we admit either annihilation of the substance of the bread, or dissolution into the original matter.” Which makes sense. In ‘only Socrates eats ham’ the original or prejacent proposition to which ‘only’ is added, is ‘Socrates eats ham’.
Abelard (early 12C) writes, in the same sense as Aquinas "Nota autem quod ea quae constituta sunt, alia praeiacentem materiam habuerunt, ut navis -- prius enim ligna fuerunt quam ex eis aut domus aut navis constituerentur --, alia simul cum materia coeperunt, ut elementa quae in materiam caeterorum corporum prima creata sunt, quae a se ipsis inceperunt. Quae vero primae sunt creaturas nulla praeiacens materia praecessit. " http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Abelard/dialectica/Pars_3/8
Boethius translation of Porphyry "genera enim praeiacere oportet" which Owen translates as "Besides, it is necessary that genera should be presupposed (προυποκεῖσθαι)". http://www.logicmuseum.com/wiki/Authors/Porphyry/isagoge/parallel
