Authors/Ockham/Summa Logicae/Book II/Chapter 30

Latin	English
[2.30 DE PROPOSITIONIBUS HYPOTHETICIS ET PROPRIETATIBUS EARUM]	30: On Hypothetical Propositions and their Properties
Postquam transcurrendo de propositionibus categoricis et proprietatibus earum est tractatum, nunc de propositionibus hypotheticis et proprietatibus earum sunt aliqua pauca dicenda.	After we have cursorily dealt with categorical propositions and their properties, there are now a few things to be said about hypothetical propositions and their properties.
Est autem primo sciendum quod illa propositio dicitur hypothetica quae ex pluribus componitur categoricis mediante aliquo adverbio vel coniunctione coniunctis. Et non tantum potest unicum adverbium vel unica coniunctio coniungere propositiones categoricas et facere propositionem hypotheticam, immo etiam possunt plures coniunctiones et adverbia, et aliquando unum adverbium vel plura adverbia, et coniunctio vel coniunctiones concurrere ad faciendum propositionem hypotheticam. Unde ista est propositio hypothetica 'Sortes currit vel Plato vel loannes'; similiter ista 'si homo currit, animal currit et Plato disputat'. Et secundum hoc aliqua propositio hypothetica componitur ex pluribus quam ex duabus propositionibus categoricis.	Now it should first be known that a proposition is called hypothetical which is composed of several categorical propositions joined by some intermediary adverb or conjunction. And not only can a single adverb or a single conjunction join categorical propositions and make a hypothetical proposition, indeed several conjunctions and adverbs can also do this, and sometimes one adverb or more adverbs, and a conjunction or conjunctions can come together to make a hypothetical proposition. Hence 'Socrates runs, or Plato, or John' is a hypothetical proposition, likewise 'if a man runs, an animal runs and Plato disputes'. And accordingly, some hypothetical propositions are composed of more from than two categorical propositions.
Tamen faciliter posset dici quod non est hypothetica ubi concurrunt adverbium et coniunctio vel etiam duae coniunctiones natae facere propositiones hypotheticas diversarum specierum. Et idem potest dici de adverbiis.	Yet it could easily be said that a proposition is not hypothetical where it runs together an adverb and a conjunction, or even two conjunctions suitable to make hypothetical propositions of different kinds. And the same can be said of adverbs.
Secundo sciendum est quod propositionum hypotheticarum quinque assignantur species, scilicet condicionalis, copulativa, disiunctiva, causalis, temporalis.	Second, it should be known that of hypothetical propositions five types are assigned, namely, conditional, copulative, disjunctive, causal, and temporal.
Sed videtur quod praeter istas sunt aliae propositiones hypotheticae: nam omnis propositio vera vel falsa, composita ex duabus categoricis, est propositio hypothetica; sed huiusmodi sunt multae praeter praedictas; igitur etc. Maior est manifesta satis. Minor patet, nam haec est huiusmodi 'Sortes est currens ubi Plato disputat'.	But it seems that beyond these are other hypothetical propositions, for every proposition, true or false, composed from two categoricals, is a hypothetical proposition. But there are many propositions of this sort beyond those previously named, therefore etc. The major premise is sufficiently manifest. The minor is clear, for 'Socrates runs where Plato disputes' is of this sort.
Sed advertendum est quod quamvis sint multae propositiones hypotheticae praeter praedictas, multae tamen videntur esse aliae a praedictis, quae ad ipsas reduci debent. Unde ista est causalis 'Sortes philosophatur, ne sit ignorans', quia aequivalet isti 'quia Sortes non vult esse ignorans, Sortes philosophatur'. Et sicut est de ista, ita est de multis aliis.	But it should be known that although there are many hypothetical propositions beyond those previously named, yet many seem to be different from those previously named, which ought to be reduced to them. Hence 'Socrates philosophises, lest he be ignorant' is causal, because it is equivalent to 'because Socrates does not want to be ignorant, Socrates philosophises'. And as it is with that proposition, so it is with many others.