Authors/Ockham/Summa Logicae/Book I/Chapter 4

Latin	English
PARS I, CAP. 4. DE DIVISIONE TERMINORUM IN TERMINOS CATEGOREMATICOS ET SYNCATEGOREMATICOS, QUAE EST COMMUNIS TAM TERMINIS MENTALIBUS QUAM VOCALIBUS	Chapter 4: On the division of terms into categorematic and syncategorematic, which is common to mental as well as spoken terms.
(i) Adhuc aliter dividitur terminus, tam vocalis quam mentalis, quia terminorum quidam sunt categorematici, quidam syncategorematici. Termini categorematici finitam et certam habent significationem, sicut hoc nomen 'homo' significat omnes homines et hoc nomen 'animal' omnia animalia, et hoc nomen 'albedo' omnes albedines.	And both the spoken and the mental term are divided in still another way, for certain terms are categorematic, others syncategorematic. Categorematic terms have a definite and fixed signification, for instance, the name "man" signifies all men, and the name ‘animal’ all animals, and the name "whiteness" all whitenesses.
(ii) Termini autem syncategorematici, cuiusmodi sunt tales 'omnis', 'nullus', 'aliquis', 'totus', 'praeter', 'tantum', 'inquantum' et huiusmodi, non habent finitam significationem et certam, nec significant aliquas res distinctas a rebus significatis per categoremata, immo sicut in algorismo cifra per se posita nihil significat, sed addita alteri figurae facit eam significare, ita syncategorema proprie loquendo nihil significat, sed magis additum alteri facit ipsum aliquid significare sive facit ipsum pro aliquo vel aliquibus modo determinato supponere vel aliud officium circa categorema exercet.	But syncategorematic terms, of which sort are such - "every", none", "some", "whole", "besides", "only", "insofar" and the like, do not have a definite and fixed signification, neither do they signify any things distinct from the things signified by categorematic terms. Indeed, just as in Arabic notation, zero given by itself signifies nothing, but when added to another digit causes the latter to signify, so a syncategorematic term does not signify anything, properly speaking, but rather when added to another [term] makes it signify something, or makes it supposit in a determinate way for some thing or things, or exercises some other function with respect to the categorematic term.
(iii) Unde hoc syncategorema 'omnis' non habet aliquod certum significatum, sed additum 'homini' facit ipsum stare seu supponere actualiter sive confuse et distributive pro omnibus hominibus; additum autem 'lapidi' facit ipsum stare pro omnibus lapidibus; et additum 'albedini' facit ipsum stare pro omnibus albedinibus.	Thus, the syncategorematic term "every" does not have any fixed significate, but added to "man", makes it stand for or supposit actually - or ‘confusedly and distributively’, for all men. Added to "stone", however, it makes it stand for all stones. And added to "whiteness", it makes the latter stand for all whitenesses.
Et sicut est de isto syncategoremate 'omnis', ita proportionaliter de aliis est tenendum, quamvis distinctis sycategorematibus distincta officia conveniant, sicut de aliquibus inferius ostendetur.	And just as for the syncategorematic term "every", so we have to hold the same thing proportionally for the others, although distinct offices belong to different syncategorematic terms, as will be shown for certain of them below
(4) Et si proterviatur quod haec dictio 'omnis' est significativa, ergo aliquid significat, dicendum est quod non ideo dicitur significativa quia aliquid determinate significat, sed quia facit aliud significare vel supponere vel stare pro aliquo, sicut declaratum est. Et sicut hoc nomen `omnis' nihil determinate et finite significat, secundum modum loquendi Boethii,sic est de omnibus syncategorematibus et universaliter de coniunctionibus et praepositionibus.	If anyone quibbles that the word "every" is significative, therefore signifies something, it should be said that it is not called "significative" because it determinately signifies something, but rather because it makes another thing signify or supposit or stand for something, as was made clear. And just as the name "every" determinately and definitely signifies nothing, according to Boethius' manner of speaking, so it is for all syncategorematic terms and for conjunctions and prepositions generally.
(v) De quibusdam autem adverbiis aliter est, quia quaedam eorum determinate significant illa quae significant nomina categorematica, quamvis alio modo significandi important.	But it is otherwise for certain adverbs, because some of them determinately signify things that categorematic names signify, although they convey [those things] by another mode of signifying.