Authors/Ockham/Summa Logicae/Book III-3/Chapter 4

Latin	English
CAP. 4. DE REGULIS PER QUAS TENENT CONSEQUENTIAE INFERENTES UNIVERSALEM NEGATIVAM.	Chapter 4. Concerning the rules by which consequences inferring the universal negative hold.
Positis aliquibus regulis per quas tenent enthymemata inferentia universalem affirmativam ex affirmativa, --- quamvis aliae multae possent poni, de quibus tangetur inferius ---, ponendae sunt regulae per quas tenent consequentiae inferentes universalem negativam ex negativa: et primo, quae deserviunt universalibus respectu quorumcumque praedicatorum.	Having established some rules by which enthymematic inferences infer the universal affirmative from the affirmative, --- although many others could be posited, of which we shall touch below ---, the rules must be posited by which are held the consequences that infer the universal negative from the negative: and first, those which derive the universals with respect to any of their predicates.
Est autem una regula talis: a superiori distributo ad inferius distributum negative est consequentia simplex, qualecumque sit illud inferius: sive sit inferius per se sive per accidens.	Now there is one rule like this: from the superior distributed to the inferior distributed negatively, the consequence is simple, whatever that inferior may be: whether it be inferior in essence or by accident.
Unde bene sequitur `nullum animal currit, igitur nullus homo albus currit et nullus asinus currit'. Ex quo patet quod tales consequentiae sunt bonae `nullum animal est ens per accidens, igitur nullus homo albus est ens per accidens'; `nullus homo est ens diminutum, igitur nullus homo intellectus est ens diminutum', et sic de aliis.	From which it follows well that 'no animal runs, therefore no white man runs and no donkey runs'. From this it is clear that such conclusions are good: "No animal is a being by accident, therefore no white man is a being by accident"; `no man is a diminished being, therefore no man of understanding is a diminished being', and so on of the others.
Aliae regulae sunt quod a definitione ad definitum cum distributione et negatione, et a descriptione ad descriptum et e converso, et a nominis interpretatione ad interpretatum est bona consequentia, et etiam ab uno convertibilium ad reliquum distributive et negative est bona consequentia.	Other rules are that from the definition to the defined with distribution and negation, and from the description to the described and vice versa, and from the interpretation of the name to the interpreted is a good consequence, and also from one of the convertibles to the rest distributively and negatively is a good consequence.
Illa autem quae dicta sunt in primo capitulo huius partis circa illas regulas, intelligenda sunt etiam circa istas quae non sunt hic expressae. Similiter, a differentia superioris ad inferius et a definitione supeƿrioris ad inferius negative cum distributione tenet consequentia.	Now those things which were said in the first chapter of this part concerning those rules are also to be understood concerning those which are not expressed here. Similarly, the difference from the superior to the inferior and from the definition of superior to inferior has negative consequences with the distribution.
Et sunt regulae istae intelligendae sicut priores.	And these rules are to be understood like the previous ones.