Authors/Ockham/Summa Logicae/Book III-3/Chapter 5

Latin	English
CAP. 5. DE REGULIS QUAE NON DESERVIUNT RESPECTU QUORUMCUMQUE PRAEDICATORUM.	Chapter 5. Concerning the rules which are not observed with respect to any predicates.
Consequentiis tenentibus per regulas quae non deserviunt respectu quorumcumque praedicatorum deserviunt regulae tales: Ab uno relativorum quae sunt simul natura ad reliquum negative cum distributione est consequentia bona; sicut sequitur `nullus filius est, igitur nullus pater est'.	When consequences are governed by rules which do not govern with respect to any of the predicates, the following rules apply: From one of the relatives which are at the same time in nature to the rest negatively with distribution, the consequence is good; as it follows, `there is no son, therefore there is no father.'
Intelligenda est haec regula sicut prius.	This rule must be understood as before.
Alia regula est: a nomine partis distributo ad nomen totius distributum negative est bona consequentia. Et intelligendum est de parte sine qua totum esse non potest; sicut sequitur `nulla anima intellectiva est, igitur nullus homo est', sed non sequitur `nullus pes est, igitur nullus homo est'.	Another rule is: from the name of the part distributed to the name of the whole distributed negatively is a good consequence. And it must be understood of the part without which the whole cannot exist; just as it follows that `there is no intellectual soul, therefore there is no man', but it does not follow that `there is no foot, therefore there is no man'.
Et istae regulae intelligendae sunt sicut consimiles affirmativae. Alia regula est: si concretum negatur universaliter a concreto, et abstractum ab abstracto; sicut sequitur `nullum album est coloratum, igitur nulla albedo est color'.	And these rules are to be understood as similar positive ones. Another rule is: if the concrete is denied universally by the concrete, and the abstract by the abstract; as it follows, `no white is colored, therefore there is no white color'.
Et tenet haec regula qualitercumque se habeant concreta; unde sicut sequitur `nullum album est coloratum, igitur nulla albedo est color', ita sequitur `nullum musicum est calidum, igitur nulla musica est calor'.	And this rule holds no matter how concrete they are; whence it follows that `no white is colored, therefore no white is color', so it follows that `no music is hot, therefore no music is heat'.
Istae regulae intelligendae sunt sicut priores.	These rules are to be understood as the previous ones.
Alia regula est quod a negatione prioris distributi ad negationem posterioris distributi est bona consequentia; sicut sequitur `nulla substantia est, igitur nullum accidens est'. Sed ista est consequentia ut nunc, quia per potentiam divinam posset accidens esse, quamvis nulla substantia creata esset.	Another rule is that from the negation of the former distribution to the negation of the latter distribution there is a good consequence; as it follows, `there is no substance, therefore there is no accident'. But this is the consequence for now, because by divine power there could be an accident, although no substance had been created.
Sed respectu aliorum praedicatorum non valet; non enim sequitur `nulla substantia creata inhaeret, igitur nullum accidens inhaeret'. Alia regula est quod a negatione subiecti ad negationem denominantis est bona consequentia respectu quorumcumque praedicatorum; sicut sequitur `nullum corpus est, igitur nullum album est'.	But with respect to other predicates it is not valid; for it does not follow that 'no created substance is inherent, therefore no accident is inherent'. Another rule is that from the negation of the subject to the negation of the denominator is a good consequence with respect to any of the predicates; as it follows, `there is no body, therefore there is no white'.